structurer ses idées

 

 STRUCTURER

 

1)   coordination

conjonctions	sens	équivalents français	exemples
and	addition	et	He was tall and strong.
but	opposition, restriction	mais	It was sunny but very cold.
either	choix, alternative	ou, (soit : avec or)	It's either you or me.
for	cause	car	He stayed home for he didn't feel very well
neither	absence d'alternative ajout négatif	ni	He was neither as strong nor as smart as she was.
nor	absence d'alternative ajout négatif	ni	That wasn't his doing, nor mine. (That was neither his doing nor mine.)
or	alternative, choix	ou, (soit : avec either)	You can come or you can stay. Up to you.
so	conséquence	alors, donc	I was feverish, so I stayed in bed and called in sick.
yet	opposition, restriction	néanmoins, cependant	He was very sick, yet he got up and went to work.

 

NB: ne pas confondre YET coordonnant  et YET adverbe (ex : I’ve not finished yet)

NB2 : for coordonnant est très formel (peu utilisé)

 

2)   Connecteurs logiques (mots de liaison)

 

Ajouter une idée :

 

Moreover

What’s more

Furthermore

Besides…

 

Exprimer le contraste :

 

On the one hand… On the other hand

However

Nonetheless

Nevertheless

 

Ordonner ses idées :

 

First

Then

Eventually = actually / Last but not least

 

Conclure :

 

To sum up

To put it in a nutshell

As a conclusion

To cut a long story short

 

 

s  Subordination

 

Contrast

• Whereas/ while

E.g. Elliot is tall and blond, whereas his brother is short and has dark hair.

Time

• After

E.g. Mary closed his diary after writing about that day’s events.

• As soon as

E.g. A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born.

• As long as

E.g. You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.

• Before

E.g. He always feeds the dogs before he goes to school.

• By the time

E.g. By the time ambulancemen arrived, he was unconscious.

• Now that

E.g. You can go and play now that you have finished your homework.

• Once

E.g. Once you learn it, you never forget.

• Since

E.g. Mary has danced since she was five.

• Till

E.g. James lived with his parents till he was twenty – five.

• Until

E.g. You can stay on the bus until you reach London.

• When

E.g. Tom’s parents cheered for him when he crossed the finished line.

• Whenever

E.g. Whenever we go abroad, we take as many pictures as possible.

• While

E.g. While I was walking to the market, I met Jenny.

Concession

• Though

E.g. Though it was raining, she went out.

• Although

E.g. Although the kitchen is small, it is well designed.

• Even though

E.g. Even though he’s a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

Place

• Where

E.g. This is the park where we played.

• Wherever

E.g. Wherever you go in the world, you’ll always find someone who speaks English.

Condition

• If

E.g. If you leave, I will be lonely.

• Only if

E.g. Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room.

• Unless

E.g. You won’t succeed unless you work hard.

• Provided that

E.g. I was allowed to go off by myself provided that I promised to be careful.

• Assuming that

E.g. I hope to go to college next year, assuming that I pass my exams.

• In case (that)

E.g. I have my umbrella with me in case it rains.

• Lest

E.g. Study hard lest you should fail.

 

Manner / comparison

• How

E.g. She taught him how to play the piano.

• As though

E.g. They look as though they’re heading for divorce.

• As if

E.g. At sunset, the sun looks as if it is going down.

Cause

• Because

E.g. I love Matisse’s work because he uses color so brilliantly.

• Since

E.g. Since we’ve got a few minutes to wait for the train, let’s have a cup of coffee.

• As

E.g. We played chess all evening as we had nothing better to do

 

GOAL/ PURPOSE

• So that

E.g. I’ll go by car so that I can take more luggage.

• In order (that)

E.g. Do exercises in order that your health may improve.

• TO / in order to / so as to

Eg : I worked hard to pass the exam.